PMC

Variation of the viscosity (η) with the concentration (c) for some electrolyte solutions used in RFB at 298.15 K: (a) sulfuric acid (●) [] and hydrochloride (x) []; (b) sodium hydroxide (●) []: potassium hydroxide (□) [] and lithium hydroxide (∆) []; (c) sodium sulfate (●) [], potassium sulfate (□) [], lithium sulfate (∆) [], and ammonium sulfate (x) []; (d) sodium chloride (●) [], potassium chloride (□) []; lithium chloride (∆) [], and ammonium chloride (x) [].

Variation of the specific conductance (κ) with the concentration (c) for some electrolyte solutions used in RFB at 293.15 or 298.15 K. (a) sulfuric acid [], hydrochloric acid [], and hydrobromic acid []; (b) sodium hydroxide (●) [], potassium hydroxide (□) []; lithium hydroxide (∆) [], and ammonium hydroxide in 1 mol/L aqueous NaOH (x) []; (c) sodium sulfate (●) [], potassium sulfate (□) [], lithium sulfate (∆) [], and ammonium sulfate (x) []; (d) sodium chloride (●) [], potassium chloride (□) [], lithium chloride (∆) [], and ammonium chloride (x) [].

Morphology of the AbPGK crystals. The crystals were grown in 0.2 M potassium sodium tartrate, 0.1 M sodium citrate pH 6.0, 1.8 M lithium sulfate for 3 d. The crystals were approximately 400 × 400 × 400 µm in size.

Salt addition to a water and alcohol mixture. On the y-axis the peak area is displayed and on the x-axis the different alcohols which were used as substrate of interest are displayed. Salt addition resulted in an improvement of the peak area for the alcohols assessed, in particular lithium chloride addition. An increase of the peak area up to a factor of 25 was obtained for 1-butanol, whereas for 1-decanol an improvement of 7.6 was obtained. Samples were analyzed by means of GC–MS. KCl potassium chloride, LiCl lithium chloride, NaCl sodium chloride, Na₂SO₄ sodium sulfate